Effective Writing in Psychology: Papers, Posters, and Presentations	5
	Contents	7
	Preface to the Second Edition	11
	Preface to the First Edition	13
	1 Writing in Psychology	17
	Writing in Psychology	18
	How Does Psychological Writing Differ from Other Kinds of Writing?	19
	Using APA Style	20
	Making a Credible Argument	21
	Different Types of Communication	22
	Effective Communication	24
	How to Begin	25
	Part I Organizing and Developing Your Ideas and Writing	27
	2 Formulating Your Ideas	29
	Identifying Your Focal Question	29
	Locating Relevant Sources	32
	Recognizing Multiple Viewpoints	35
	Ethical Writing	37
	3 Assessing Your Sources	43
	The Difference between Primary and Secondary Literature	44
	The Difference between Popular and Scholarly Sources	44
	Evaluating Sources	47
	Evaluating Internet Sources	49
	4 How to Conduct a Literature Search	57
	Understanding Library Resources	59
	Using Article Databases	65
	Using the Internet	67
	Using Sources to Find Sources	69
	5 How to Read and Summarize a Journal Article	71
	An Overview of the Research—the Abstract	72
	Identifying the Issues—the Introduction	73
	Understanding What Was Done—the Method Section	73
	What Happened—the Results Section	76
	What It Means—the Discussion Section	78
	Where the Ideas Originated—the References Section	81
	Figuring Out What It Means	81
	6 Organizing a Paper	83
	Organization	84
	Using the Work of Others to Support Your Argument	86
	Editing and Revising	91
	Mechanics	93
	7 Elements of Style	95
	Recognizing the Importance of Grammar and Style	96
	Choosing Effective Wording	97
	Using Inclusive and Appropriate Language	98
	Deciding on the Use of Technical Language	101
	Avoiding Common Problems	101
	Verb Forms	104
	Spelling	105
	Specific Word Use	111
	8 Communicating Statistics	113
	Why Do We Use Statistics?	114
	What Point Are You Trying to Make?	115
	Understanding Your Numbers	117
	Helping Readers Understand Your Statistics	119
	Differentiating Results and Interpretations	122
	Part II Preparing APA Format Papers	123
	9 Writing a Thesis or a Term Paper	125
	Developing Your Idea	127
	Organizing Your Paper Around the Central Questions	130
	Finding Different Perspectives About Your Idea	132
	Developing the Logic of Your Argument	135
	10 The Introduction Section	139
	Introducing the Topic	140
	Different Approaches to Starting the Introduction	140
	How to Begin	143
	Reviewing the Literature	144
	Reasons for Reviewing the Literature	144
	Clarifying Terms in the Research	145
	Introducing Your Research: Generating a Hypothesis	146
	11 The Method Section	149
	Participants and Subjects	150
	Materials and Apparatus	157
	Procedure	159
	Design	160
	12 The Results Section	163
	Your Hypotheses	164
	Deciding What to Present	165
	Reporting Significant and Nonsignificant Results	166
	Marginally Significant Effects	167
	APA Style and Presentation of Your Results	168
	Creating Tables	171
	Creating Figures	176
	The Connection between the Text and the Tables and Figures	180
	The Difference between Results and Discussion Sections	182
	Some Final Points About Presenting Results	185
	13 The Discussion Section	187
	Summarizing Your Results	188
	Connecting Different Aspects of Your Results	189
	Dealing with Nonsignificant Results	190
	Comparing Your Results with Those of Others	191
	Stating the Importance and Implications of Your Results	192
	Acknowledging the Limitations of Your Study	193
	14 References Citations in the Text and the Reference List	195
	Citing References in the Text	196
	Citing Sources with Three to Five Authors	198
	Citing Sources with Six or More Authors	198
	Citing Personal Communications	199
	Citing Multiple Sources within Parentheses	199
	Order of Citations in the Reference List	200
	Using Your Word Processing Program to Create the Citation	200
	Examples of How Different Types of References Should Be Laid Out	201
	15 Final Touches: The Abstract and Formatting Details	209
	The Abstract	210
	Formatting Details	211
	Part III Communicating Beyond the Research Paper	231
	16 Creating Poster Presentations	233
	Differentiating Visual and Written Communication	234
	Reducing the Amount of Information	234
	Visual Style	235
	Your Behavior: The Ethic of a Poster Session	238
	Creating Your Poster Using PowerPoint®	240
	17 Giving Oral Presentations	247
	The Difference between Oral and Written English	247
	Adapting APA Style to Oral Presentations	252
	Preparing for Your Talk	252
	Creating Graphics for Your Presentation	254
	Giving the Presentation	255
	18 Presenting Your Work on the Internet	259
	New Capabilities with Internet Publication	260
	Using a Word Processor to Create Manuscripts for the Internet	261
	Advantages of Internet Publishing Software	263
	Publishing Your Poster on the Web	265
	Uploading Your Manuscript to the Internet	265
	19 Submitting Your Plan to an Ethics Committee	267
	Ethical Standards in Research	267
	Writing a Proposal for an Institutional Review Board for Research with Human Subjects	269
	Writing a Proposal for the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) for Animal Research	274
	Appendix A Example of APA-Style Manuscript with Common Errors	277
	Appendix B Corrected APA-Style Manuscript	285
	References	293
	Author Index	301
	Subject Index	304