Title Page	5
	Copyright Page	6
	Brief Contents	7
	Contents	9
	List of Figures	21
	List of Tables	23
	List of Boxes	24
	List of Contributors	26
	Chapter 1 Environmental Psychology: History, Scope, and Methods	31
	1.1 Introduction	32
	1.2 History of the Field	32
	1.2.1 Towards ‘Architectural’ Psychology	33
	1.2.2 Towards a Green Psychology	34
	1.3 Current Scope and Characteristics of the Field	34
	1.3.1 Interactive Approach	34
	1.3.2 Interdisciplinary Collaboration	35
	1.3.3 Problem?Focused Approach	35
	1.3.4 Diversity of Methods	36
	1.4 Main Research Methods in Environmental Psychology	36
	1.4.1 Questionnaire Studies	37
	1.4.2 Laboratory Experiments	38
	1.4.3 Computer Simulation Studies	38
	1.4.4 Field Studies	39
	1.4.5 Case Studies	39
	1.5 Overview of the Book	40
	Glossary	40
	Suggestions for Further Reading	41
	Review Questions	41
	Part I Environmental Influences on Human Behaviour and Well?Being	43
	Chapter 2 Environmental Risk Perception	45
	2.1 Introduction	46
	2.2 What Are Environmental Risks?	46
	2.3 Subjective Risk Judgements	47
	2.3.1 Heuristics and Biases in Risk Judgements	47
	2.3.2 Temporal Discounting of Environmental Risks	49
	2.3.3 The Psychometric Paradigm	49
	2.4 Risk, Values, and Morality	49
	2.4.1 Values	50
	2.4.2 Morality and Ethics	51
	2.5 Emotional Reactions to Environmental Risks	52
	2.6 Summary	53
	Glossary	53
	Suggestions for Further Reading	54
	Review Questions	55
	Chapter 3 Climate Change as a Unique Environmental Problem	56
	3.1 Introduction	57
	3.2 Public Understanding of Climate Change	57
	3.3 Assessing the Risk of Climate Change	58
	3.3.1 Detecting a Problem	60
	3.3.2 Interpretations of Problems	61
	3.3.3 Accepting Responsibility and Taking Action	62
	3.4 Summary	63
	Glossary	63
	Suggestions for Further Reading	64
	Review Questions	65
	Chapter 4 Environmental Stress	66
	4.1 Introduction	67
	4.2 Conceptualizations of Stress	67
	4.3 Effects of Environmental Stress	68
	4.3.1 Noise	68
	4.3.2 Crowding	70
	4.3.3 Poor Housing Quality	71
	4.3.4 Poor Neighbourhood Quality	72
	4.3.5 Traffic Congestion	72
	4.4 Summary	73
	Glossary	73
	Acknowledgements	74
	Suggestions for Further Reading	74
	Review Questions	74
	Chapter 5 Scenic Beauty: Visual Landscape Assessment and Human Landscape Perception	75
	5.1 Introduction	76
	5.2 Visual Quality Assessment	76
	5.3 Theories Explaining Landscape Preferences as Innate or Learnt	77
	5.4 Measuring and Mapping Scenic Beauty	80
	5.5 Methodological Developments	81
	5.6 Summary	82
	Glossary	82
	Suggestions for Further Reading	83
	Review Questions	84
	Chapter 6 Health Benefits of Nature	85
	6.1 Introduction	86
	6.2 What Is Health and How Can It Be Measured?	87
	6.3 What Is Nature and How Can It Be Measured?	87
	6.4 Nature and Clinical Health	88
	6.5 Green Space and Public Health	89
	6.6 Mechanisms Linking Nature to Health	90
	6.6.1 Air Quality	91
	6.6.2 Physical Activity	91
	6.6.3 Social Cohesion	92
	6.6.4 Stress Reduction	92
	6.7 Summary	93
	Glossary	93
	Suggestions for Further Reading	94
	Review Questions	94
	Chapter 7 Restorative Environments	95
	7.1 Introduction	96
	7.2 Restorative Environments Research	96
	7.2.1 Stress Recovery Theory	97
	7.2.2 Attention Restoration Theory	98
	7.3 The Evolutionary Origins of Restorative Nature Experiences	99
	7.4 Recent Theoretical and Empirical Developments	100
	7.4.1 Perceptual Fluency Account	100
	7.4.2 Connectedness to Nature	100
	7.4.3 Micro?Restorative Experiences and Instorative Effects	102
	7.5 Applications and Implications	102
	7.6 Summary	103
	Glossary	103
	Suggestions for Further Reading	105
	Review Questions	105
	Chapter 8 Ambivalence Towards Nature and Natural Landscapes	106
	8.1 Introduction	107
	8.2 Historical Overview	107
	8.3 Emotional Impacts and Meanings of Natural Environment Experience	108
	8.4 Views of Nature and Landscape Preferences	109
	8.5 The Role of Biodiversity	110
	8.6 An Existential?Motivational Account	111
	8.7 Practical Implications	112
	8.8 Summary	113
	Glossary	113
	Suggestions for Further Reading	114
	Review Questions	114
	Chapter 9 Human Dimensions of Wildlife	115
	9.1 Introduction	116
	9.2 Early Work: Attitudes Towards Wildlife	116
	9.3 The Cognitive Hierarchy	117
	9.4 Wildlife Value Orientations	119
	9.5 Predicting Norms and Attitudes Towards Wildlife	121
	9.6 Emotions Towards Wildlife	121
	9.7 Summary	123
	Glossary	123
	Suggestions for Further Reading	124
	Review Questions	124
	Chapter 10 Children and the Natural Environment	125
	10.1 Introduction	126
	10.2 Childhood Experiences with Nature	126
	10.3 Nature and Children’s Health and Well?Being	128
	10.3.1 Physical Health Benefits	129
	10.3.2 Mental Health Benefits	129
	10.3.3 Cognitive Benefits	130
	10.4 Childhood Nature Experiences and Adult Environmentalism	131
	10.5 Applications and Implications	131
	10.6 Summary	132
	Glossary	132
	Suggestions for Further Reading	133
	Review Questions	133
	Chapter 11 Appraising and Designing Built Environments that Promote Well?Being and Healthy Behaviour	134
	11.1 Introduction	135
	11.2 Aesthetic Appraisals of Architecture	135
	11.2.1 Uniformities in the Appraisal of Built Space	135
	11.2.2 Observer Differences	137
	11.2.3 Meaning in Architecture	138
	11.3 Three BUILDING Design Approaches that Promote Well?Being and Healthy Behaviour	138
	11.3.1 Social Design	138
	11.3.2 Biophilic Design	140
	11.3.3 Evidence?Based Design	141
	11.4 Summary	141
	Glossary	141
	Suggestions for Further Reading	142
	Review Questions	142
	Chapter 12 Urban Environmental Quality	143
	12.1 Introduction	144
	12.2 Urban Settings as a Source of Stress and Discomfort	145
	12.3 Urban Settings as a Source of Well?Being and Restoration	146
	12.4 Residential Satisfaction – A Multicomponent Concept	147
	12.5 A Multidimensional Approach to Urban Environmental Quality	147
	12.6 The Multi?Place Approach	150
	12.7 Summary	151
	Glossary	151
	Suggestions for Further Reading	152
	Review Questions	152
	Chapter 13 Environment and Quality of Life	153
	13.1 Introduction	154
	13.2 QoL: Objective and Subjective Measures	155
	13.3 QoL: Unidimensional and Multidimensional Measures	156
	13.4 Environment and QoL: Research Overview	157
	13.4.1 Which QoL Aspects Are Most Important?	157
	13.4.2 To What Extent Is QoL Sustained in Certain Situations?	159
	13.4.3 How Does QoL Differ with Varying Environmental Conditions?	160
	13.4.4 How Do Environmental Transformations Influence QoL?	161
	13.5 Summary	163
	Glossary	163
	Suggestions for Further Reading	164
	Review Questions	164
	Chapter 14 Place Attachment	165
	14.1 Introduction	166
	14.2 Theories and Models of Place Attachment	167
	14.2.1 Components of Place Attachment	167
	14.2.2 Types of Place Attachments	168
	14.2.3 Place Attachments Involve an Array of Emotions	168
	14.2.4 Place Attachments as Dynamic and Socially Produced	169
	14.3 Applications of Place Attachment	170
	14.4 Summary	172
	Glossary	172
	Suggestions for Further Reading	173
	Review Questions	173
	Chapter 15 How Cues in the Environment Affect Normative Behaviour	174
	15.1 Introduction	175
	15.2 Overarching Goals and their Relative Strengths	176
	15.3 Environmental Cues that Directly Strengthen the Normative Goal	178
	15.4 Environmental Cues that Directly Weaken the Normative Goal	179
	15.5 Indirect Weakening of the Normative Goal by Environmental Cues that Strengthen the Gain Goal	180
	15.6 Indirect Weakening of the Normative Goal by Environmental Cues that Strengthen the Hedonic Goal	181
	15.7 Summary	182
	Glossary	182
	Suggestions for Further Reading	183
	Review Questions	183
	Part II Factors Influencing Environmental Behaviour	185
	Chapter 16 Measuring Environmental Behaviour	187
	16.1 Introduction	188
	16.2 What to Measure? Behaviour or Impact	188
	16.2.1 Environmental Behaviour	188
	16.2.2 Environmental Impact	189
	16.3 How to Measure Environmental Behaviour?	192
	16.4 Multidimensional or Unidimensional Measures of Environmental Behaviour	193
	16.4.1 Multidimensional Measures of Environmental Behaviour	193
	16.4.2 A Unidimensional Measure of Environmental Behaviour	194
	16.5 Summary	195
	Glossary	195
	Suggestions for Further Reading	196
	Review Questions	196
	Chapter 17 Values and Pro?Environmental Behaviour	197
	17.1 Introduction	198
	17.2 Values	198
	17.3 Value Theories	199
	17.3.1 Social Value Orientations	199
	17.3.2 Schwartz’s Value Theory	199
	17.3.3 Four Key Values for Pro?Environmental Behaviour	201
	17.4 How Values Affect Environmental Behaviour	203
	17.5 Related Concepts	204
	17.6 Practical Relevance of Value Research	206
	17.7 Summary	206
	Glossary	207
	Suggestions for Further Reading	207
	Review Questions	208
	Chapter 18 Social Norms and Pro?Environmental Behaviour	209
	18.1 Introduction	210
	18.2 What Is a Social Norm?	210
	18.3 How Influential Are Norms on Behaviour?	211
	18.4 Why Do People Conform to Norms?	212
	18.5 When Do Norms Influence Behaviour?	212
	18.5.1 Salience	212
	18.5.2 Group Size	213
	18.5.3 Reference Groups	214
	18.5.4 Personal Norms	214
	18.5.5 Norm Conflict and the Importance of Aligned Messages	215
	18.6 Summary	217
	Glossary	218
	Suggestions for Further Reading	218
	Review Questions	218
	Chapter 19 Emotions and Pro?Environmental Behaviour	219
	19.1 Introduction	220
	19.2 Emotions as a Motive for Action	221
	19.3 Hedonic and Eudaimonic View on Emotions	222
	19.4 Why Pro?Environmental Behaviour Elicits Positive Emotions: A Closer Look at the Eudaimonic View	224
	19.5 Summary	226
	Glossary	226
	Suggestions for Further Reading	227
	Review Questions	227
	Chapter 20 Symbolic Aspects of Environmental Behaviour	228
	20.1 Introduction	229
	20.2 Identity	229
	20.2.1 Environmental Self?Identity and Behaviour	230
	20.2.2 Factors Influencing Identity	231
	20.3 Impression Management	233
	20.4 Summary	235
	Glossary	235
	Suggestions for Further Reading	236
	Review Questions	236
	Chapter 21 Social Dilemmas: Motivational, Individual, and Structural Aspects Influencing Cooperation	237
	21.1 Introduction	238
	21.2 Defining Social Dilemmas	238
	21.3 Types of Social Dilemmas	239
	21.3.1 Large?Scale Dilemmas	239
	21.3.2 Resource Dilemmas	239
	21.3.3 Public Good Dilemmas	240
	21.4 Motives in Social Dilemmas	240
	21.4.1 Greed	240
	21.4.2 Efficiency	241
	21.4.3 Fairness	242
	21.5 Factors Promoting Cooperation	242
	21.5.1 Group Size	243
	21.5.2 Communication	243
	21.5.3 Response Efficacy	243
	21.5.4 Environmental Uncertainty	244
	21.5.5 Social Uncertainty	244
	21.5.6 Norms in Large?Scale Dilemmas	244
	21.6 Summary	245
	Glossary	246
	Suggestions for Further Reading	246
	Review Questions	246
	Chapter 22 Theories to Explain Environmental Behaviour	247
	22.1 Introduction	248
	22.2 Theory of Planned Behaviour	248
	22.3 Protection Motivation Theory	250
	22.4 The Norm Activation Model	251
	22.5 The Value?Belief?Norm Theory of Environmentalism	253
	22.6 Goal?Framing Theory	254
	22.7 Summary	255
	Glossary	256
	Suggestions for Further Reading	257
	Review Questions	257
	Chapter 23 The Role of Group Processes in Environmental Issues, Attitudes, and Behaviours	258
	23.1 Introduction	259
	23.2 Why Should Environmental Psychologists Be Interested in Group Processes?	259
	23.3 How THE Social Identity Approach Explains Environmental Conflict	260
	23.4 Why Social Identity Guides Environmental Attitudes and Behaviours	261
	23.4.1 Group Norms Guide Environmental Attitudes and Behaviours	262
	23.4.2 Group Members Influence Environmental Attitudes and Behaviours	263
	23.4.3 Group Identification Influences Environmental Attitudes and Behaviours	264
	23.5 Why Social Identity Can Affect Cooperation on Environmental Issues	264
	23.6 How THE Social Identity Approach Explains Environmental Group Formation	265
	23.7 Summary	266
	Glossary	266
	Suggestions for Further Reading	267
	Review Questions	267
	Chapter 24 Yesterday’s Habits Preventing Change for Tomorrow? About the Influence of Automaticity on Environmental Behaviour	268
	24.1 Introduction	269
	24.2 Theoretical Background: How Habits Are Acquired	270
	24.3 Narrowing Down Decision?Making: How Habits Affect Information Use	271
	24.4 Measuring Habits: A Challenge for Research	273
	24.5 Breaking Bad Habits, Creating Good Habits: Interventions Changing Routine Behaviour	276
	24.6 Summary	278
	Glossary	278
	Suggestions for Further Reading	279
	Review Questions	280
	Chapter 25 Environmental Psychology in Latin America	281
	25.1 Introduction	282
	25.2 Latin American Background	282
	25.3 Past Reviews on Environmental Psychology in Latin America	283
	25.4 Recent Developments in Environmental Psychology in Latin America	284
	25.5 Key Issues for the Development of Research in Latin America	286
	25.5.1 Lack of Collaboration	286
	25.5.2 Few Possibilities to Publish in Spanish or Portuguese	287
	25.5.3 Academic Training in Environmental Psychology	287
	25.6 Summary	288
	Glossary	288
	Suggestions for Further Reading	289
	Review Questions	289
	Part III Encouraging Pro?Environmental Behaviour	291
	Chapter 26 Informational Strategies to Promote Pro?Environmental Behaviour: Changing Knowledge, Awareness, and Attitudes	293
	26.1 Introduction	294
	26.2 Interventions: From Research to Implementation	294
	26.3 Informational Strategies	295
	26.3.1 Provision of Information	295
	26.3.2 Goal Setting	296
	26.3.3 Commitment	297
	26.3.4 Prompting	298
	26.3.5 Feedback	298
	26.4 Intervention Research: Some General Issues	299
	26.5 Summary	300
	Glossary	301
	Suggestions for Further Reading	301
	Review Questions	302
	Chapter 27 Encouraging Pro?Environmental Behaviour with Rewards and Penalties	303
	27.1 Introduction	304
	27.2 Analysis of Consequences	304
	27.3 Natural Versus Extra Consequences	306
	27.4 When Is It Appropriate to Apply Extra Consequences?	307
	27.5 How Should Extra Consequences Be Announced and Delivered?	308
	27.5.1 Negative Versus Positive Consequences	309
	27.5.2 Monetary Versus Non?Monetary Consequences	309
	27.6 Summary	311
	Glossary	311
	Suggestions for Further Reading	312
	Review Questions	312
	Chapter 28 Persuasive Technology to Promote Pro?Environmental Behaviour	313
	28.1 Introduction	314
	28.2 Technology and Behaviour	314
	28.3 Persuasive Technology	315
	28.4 Approaches to Applying Persuasive Technology	316
	28.5 Social Influence through Smart Systems	317
	28.5.1 The Role of Social Cues	317
	28.5.2 Reactance	318
	28.6 Providing Persuasive Experiences	319
	28.7 Persuasive Technology as a Tool to Promote Behaviour Change	319
	28.7.1 Ambient Persuasion	320
	28.7.2 Group Interventions	321
	28.8 Summary	322
	Glossary	323
	Suggestions for Further Reading	323
	Review Questions	324
	Chapter 29 Acceptability of Environmental Policies	325
	29.1 Introduction	326
	29.2 Acceptability as a Social Dilemma	326
	29.3 Theoretical Framework to Explain the Acceptability of Policy Measures	327
	29.3.1 Individual Policy Outcomes	328
	29.3.2 Collective Policy Outcomes	328
	29.3.3 Fair Distribution of Policy Outcomes	330
	29.4 Procedural Fairness and Acceptability of Environmental Policies	332
	29.5 How Can Public Support Increase Over Time? An Illustration	333
	29.6 Summary	335
	Glossary	335
	Suggestions for Further Reading	336
	Review Questions	336
	Chapter 30 Processes of Change	337
	30.1 Introduction	338
	30.2 Lewin’s Theory of Change	338
	30.3 Behavioural Change: A Self?Regulation Process Steered by Feedback Loops	339
	30.3.1 Goals as Reference Values in a Feedback Loop	339
	30.3.2 Hierarchical Organization of Goals and Feedback Loops	339
	30.3.3 The Importance of Self?Focus	341
	30.4 Behavioural Change: It Takes Time to Overcome Resistance to Change	341
	30.5 The Stage Model of Self?Regulated Behavioural Change	342
	30.6 Implications for Interventions	344
	30.7 Empirical Validation of the SSBC	345
	30.8 Summary	346
	Glossary	347
	Suggestions for Further Reading	348
	Review Questions	348
	Chapter 31 Simulating Social Environmental Systems	349
	31.1 Introduction	350
	31.2 An Introduction to Social Complexity	350
	31.3 Social Simulation as a Methodology	351
	31.4 Social Simulation of Environmental Behaviour	352
	31.4.1 Using Theory in Simulation Models: Formalizing Processes of Attitude Change	352
	31.4.2 Using Theory and Data in Models: Diffusion of Environmental Innovations	353
	31.5 Integrating Social Simulation into Environmental Modelling	354
	31.5.1 The Lakeland Study	354
	31.5.2 Companion Modelling: A Study of Rice Production and Labour Migrations in North?East Thailand	355
	31.5.3 Integrating Multiple Models of a Socioenvironmental System: Water Use in the Danube Basin	356
	31.6 Key Steps in Building Agent?Based Models	357
	31.6.1 Development of Models	357
	31.6.2 Using Models	357
	31.7 Summary	358
	Glossary	358
	Suggestions for Further Reading	359
	Review Questions	359
	Chapter 32 Environmental Issues in Low? and Middle?Income Countries	360
	32.1 Introduction	361
	32.2 Environmental Risk Perception, Environmental Concern, and Climate Change Perception	361
	32.2.1 Environmental Risk Perception	361
	32.2.2 Environmental Concern	362
	32.2.3 Climate Change Perception	362
	32.3 Residential Environment and Well?Being	363
	32.3.1 Slums and Public Housing	363
	32.3.2 Communal Spaces	364
	32.3.3 Rural Communities	364
	32.4 Behaviour and Behaviour Change	364
	32.4.1 Resource Conservation	365
	32.4.2 Sustainable Transportation	365
	32.4.3 Recycling	365
	32.4.4 Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene	367
	32.5 Summary	368
	Glossary	369
	Suggestions for Further Reading	369
	Review Questions	370
	Chapter 33 Conclusion: Summary, Trends, and Future Perspectives in Environmental Psychology	371
	33.1 Summary and Key Findings	372
	33.1.1 Part I: Environmental Influences on Human Behaviour and Well?Being	372
	33.1.2 Part II: Factors Influencing Environmental Behaviour	373
	33.1.3 Part III: Encouraging Pro?Environmental Behaviour	374
	33.2 General Trends and Developments	375
	33.2.1 Positive Interactions Between Humans and Environments	375
	33.2.2 Integrative Approaches	376
	33.2.3 From One Psychology to Multiple Psychologies	376
	33.3 Challenges for Future Research	377
	33.3.1 Further Integration	378
	33.3.2 Further Development of Theories and Methods	379
	33.3.3 Further Engagement	379
	Glossary	381
	Suggestions for Further Reading	381
	Review Questions	381
	References	382
	Index	437
	EULA	449