Title Page	5
	Copyright Page	6
	Brief Contents	7
	Contents	8
	List of Tables, Figures and Boxes	12
	Chapter 1 Introduction	13
	Chapter 2 The ‘Self’ in Cyberspace	21
	2.1 DEFINING THE ‘SELF’	21
	2.1.1 Trait theory and the self	21
	2.1.2 Identity: ‘Who am I’?	22
	2.1.3 Social identity	22
	2.1.4 Possible selves	23
	2.1.5 The self as actor	24
	2.1.6 The postmodern self	24
	2.2 THE SELF IN CYBERSPACE	25
	2.3 DISEMBODIED SELVES IN CYBERSPACE	25
	2.3.1 Criticisms of Turkle’s early work	26
	2.3.2 The saturated self	28
	2.4 THE CYBORG SELF	28
	2.5 GOFFMAN: PERFORMING SELF ONLINE	29
	2.6 POSSIBLE SELVES IN CYBERSPACE	30
	2.6.1 Real me	30
	2.7 SOCIAL IDENTITIES IN CYBERSPACE	31
	2.8 VISUALLY ANONYMOUS?	32
	2.9 CONCLUSIONS	33
	SUGGESTED READINGS	34
	Chapter 3 Online Relationships	35
	3.1 TRADITIONAL RELATIONSHIPS: OFFLINE REALM	35
	3.1.1 Social evolutionary theory	36
	3.1.2 Social penetration theory	36
	3.1.3 Exchange and equity theories	36
	3.2 APPLYING OLD THEORIES TO ONLINE RELATIONSHIPS	37
	3.2.1 Social evolutionary theory	37
	3.2.2 Social penetration theory	38
	3.2.3 Exchange theory and equity theory	38
	3.3 NEW THEORIES TO EXPLAIN ONLINE RELATING	39
	3.3.1 Disinhibition effect	39
	3.3.2 Social presence theory	39
	3.3.3 Social information processing theory	40
	3.3.4 Hyperpersonal communication	40
	3.3.5 Real Me	41
	3.4 A BRIEF HISTORY OF ONLINE RELATING	42
	3.4.1 Bulletin board systems: Line-by-line relationships	42
	3.4.2 MUDs and MOOs: A place for real relationship formation	42
	3.4.3 Chat rooms: Less means more	43
	3.4.4 Discussion groups and Usenet newsgroups: A place for the ‘Real Me’	44
	3.5 CONTEMPORARY ONLINE SPACES	45
	3.5.1 MMORPGs: Still a very social space	45
	3.5.2 Social networking sites: Face-to-face and virtual friends	46
	3.6 INTERACTING IN VARIOUS SPACES	48
	3.7 FUTURE DEVELOPMENT IN THE FIELD	49
	3.8 CONCLUSIONS	49
	SUGESTED READINGS	50
	Chapter 4 Online Dating	51
	4.1 WHAT IS AN ONLINE DATING SITE?	51
	4.2 MOTIVATIONS FOR USING AN ONLINE DATING SITE	52
	4.3 PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ONLINE DATERS	53
	4.4 COMPARING ONLINE DATING SITES WITH PERSONAL ADS	54
	4.5 PRESENTING ONESELF ON AN ONLINE DATING SITE	55
	4.6 DATING DECEPTION	56
	4.7 A PERFECT MATCH OR A NUMBERS GAME?	57
	4.8 STAGES IN THE ONLINE DATING PROCESS	58
	4.8.1 Phase 1: The attention phase	59
	4.8.2 Phase 2: The recognition phase	60
	4.8.3 Phase 3: The interaction phase	60
	4.8.4 Phase 4: The face-to-face meeting	60
	4.8.5 Phase 5: Resolution	61
	4.9 CONCLUSIONS	61
	SUGGESTED READINGS	62
	Chapter 5 Online Sexual Activities	63
	5.1 THE BEGINNINGS OF INTERNET SEX	63
	5.2 THE TRIPLE A ENGINE	64
	5.3 CYBERSEX: DEBILITATING OR LIBERATING?	65
	5.4 INTERACTIVE SEX ENTERTAINMENT	66
	5.5 CYBERSEX ADDICTION	66
	5.6 THE INTERNET AS AN ENABLER OF RISKY OFFLINE SEXUAL ENCOUNTERS	67
	5.7 THE INTERNET AND SEXUAL HEALTH INFORMATION	68
	5.8 SOCIAL SUPPORT AND EXPLORING SEXUALITY	69
	5.9 TEENS AND RISKY SEXUAL ONLINE BEHAVIOUR	70
	5.10 TELEDILDONICS AND THE FUTURE OF SEX IN CYBERSPACE	72
	5.11 CONCLUSIONS	72
	SUGGESTED READINGS	73
	Chapter 6 Internet Infidelity	74
	6.1 DEFINING INTERNET INFIDELITY	75
	6.2 UNFAITHFUL ONLINE SEXUAL ACTIVITIES	75
	6.2.1 Cybersex	76
	6.2.2 Other online sexual activities	76
	6.2.3 Pornography	76
	6.3 VIRTUAL OR REAL?	77
	6.4 EMOTIONAL INFIDELITY	77
	6.5 GENDER DIFFERENCES: WHICH IS WORSE – SEX OR LOVE?	78
	6.5.1 Gender differences on the Internet	80
	6.6 QUALITATIVE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ONLINE AND OFFLINE AFFAIRS	80
	6.6.1 Idealizing online relationships	81
	6.6.2 Object relations: Splitting	81
	6.7 VIRTUAL AFFAIRS WITH AN AVATAR	82
	6.8 CONCLUSIONS	83
	SUGGESTED READINGS	84
	Chapter 7 Children’s and Teens’ Use of Digital Technologies	85
	7.1 INTERNET USAGE	85
	7.2 THE DIGITAL DIVIDE	86
	7.3 DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES: HARMFUL OR EMPOWERING FOR YOUNG PEOPLE?	87
	7.4 ILLEGAL CONTENT AND ILLEGAL ACTIVITIES	88
	7.5 CYBERBULLYING AND CYBERHARASSMENT	89
	7.6 SCAMS, CHILDREN AND TEENS	91
	7.7 IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT	92
	7.8 ACTIVISM	93
	7.9 RADICALIZATION	94
	7.10 CONCLUSIONS	96
	SUGGESTED READINGS	97
	Chapter 8 Online Education	98
	8.1 TECHNOLOGY AND LEARNING	98
	8.2 E-LEARNING	99
	8.3 E-LEARNING VERSUS FACE-TO-FACE LEARNING	101
	8.4 SYNCHRONOUS AND ASYNCHRONOUS COMMUNICATION WITHIN E-LEARNING	102
	8.4.1 The importance of presence	103
	8.4.2 Cognitive presence	105
	8.5 MEDIA RICHNESS THEORY	105
	8.6 SALMON’S STAGE MODEL OF E-LEARNING	107
	8.7 3-D LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS	108
	8.7.1 Evaluating 3-D learning environments	109
	8.8 CONCLUSIONS	111
	SUGGESTED READINGS	112
	Chapter 9 Leisure and Entertainment	113
	9.1 WHAT IS LEISURE AND WHAT MOTIVATES OUR PURSUIT OF IT?	113
	9.2 ONLINE FAMILY LEISURE	115
	9.3 OLDER ADULTS	115
	9.4 TECHNOFERENCE: ENCROACHING ON LEISURE TIME WITHIN RELATIONSHIPS	116
	9.5 TELECOMMUNICATION	117
	9.6 TIME AND FUNCTIONAL DISPLACEMENT EFFECTS	118
	9.7 TWITTER	122
	9.8 CONCLUSIONS	124
	SUGGESTED READINGS	125
	Chapter 10 Online Gaming and Gambling	126
	10.1 INTERNET ADDICTION	126
	10.2 INTERNET GAMBLING ADDICTION	128
	10.3 INTERNET GAMING ADDICTION	129
	10.4 AGGRESSIVE VIDEO GAMES	130
	10.4.1 Social learning theory	132
	10.4.2 Script theory	132
	10.4.3 Frustration–aggression hypothesis	133
	10.4.4 Cognitive neoassociation model	133
	10.4.5 General aggression model	134
	10.5 TRANSCENDING TABOOS: VIDEO GAMES	135
	10.6 GAMES FOR LEARNING	136
	10.7 CONCLUSIONS	138
	SUGGESTED READINGS	138
	Chapter 11 Online Deception	140
	11.1 DEFINING DECEPTION	140
	11.2 DECEPTION IN CYBERSPACE	141
	11.2.1 Identity-based deception	142
	11.2.2 Munchausen by Internet	143
	11.2.3 Message-based deception	144
	11.3 DO WE LIE MORE ONLINE?	145
	11.3.1 Theories to predict deception	146
	11.4 DETECTING DECEPTION	149
	11.5 CONCLUSIONS	150
	SUGGESTED READINGS	151
	Chapter 12 Online Crimes: Scams, Fraud and Illegal Downloads	153
	12.1 PHISHING	154
	12.2 VISHING	155
	12.2.1 Number of victims	155
	12.3 WHY ARE PEOPLE TRICKED BY PHISHING?	156
	12.4 IMPROVING DETECTION	158
	12.5 MASS-MARKETING FRAUD	158
	12.6 AWARENESS CAMPAIGNS	161
	12.7 COGNITIVE AND MOTIVATIONAL ERRORS	162
	12.8 WHAT TYPE OF PERSON TENDS TO BE SUSCEPTIBLE TO MMF?	163
	12.8.1 The role of the Internet	163
	12.9 STAGES INVOLVED IN THE ONLINE DATING ROMANCE SCAM	164
	12.10 ILLEGAL DOWNLOADS	164
	12.11 CONCLUSIONS	166
	SUGGESTED READINGS	167
	Chapter 13 Online Crimes: Cyberharassment, Hate Crimes and Cyberwarfare	168
	13.1 ONLINE HARASSMENT AND STALKING	168
	13.2 CYBERSTALKING AND THE LAW	170
	13.3 PSYCHOLOGICALLY PROFILING CRIMINALS AND VICTIMS	171
	13.4 HATE CRIMES	172
	13.5 CYBERWARFARE	174
	13.5.1 Hacktivists	176
	13.6 SURVEILLANCE AND MONITORING	177
	13.7 CONCLUSIONS	180
	SUGGESTED READINGS	181
	Chapter 14 Online Crimes: Child Pornography and Paedophilia	182
	14.1 THE INTERNET AND THE INCREASE IN CHILD PORNOGRAPHY	183
	14.2 CHILD PORNOGRAPHY AND THE LAW	184
	14.2.1 Objective and functional aspects of child pornography content	184
	14.2.2 Varying legal interpretations	185
	14.2.3 Child pornography and the age of consent	186
	14.3 PSEUDO-PHOTOGRAPHS	186
	14.4 TYPES OF CHILD PORNOGRAPHY OFFENDERS	188
	14.4.1 Paraphilic disorder not otherwise specified	189
	14.4.2 Collectors	190
	14.5 CHARACTERISTICS OF CHILD PORNOGRAPHY OFFENDERS	191
	14.6 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHILD PORNOGRAPHY AND HANDS-ON OFFENDING	192
	14.7 THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO CHILD PORNOGRAPHY OFFENDING	193
	14.7.1 Courtship disorder theory	193
	14.7.2 Social learning theory	194
	14.7.3 Finkelhor’s precondition model	195
	14.7.4 The pathways model and the integrated theory of sexual offending	195
	14.8 CONCLUSIONS	197
	SUGGESTED READINGS	198
	Chapter 15 Online Support and Health Care	199
	15.1 THE INTERNET AND HEALTH	199
	15.2 CHARACTERISTICS AND MOTIVATIONS	200
	15.3 ONLINE HEALTH SEARCHING AND CYBERCHONDRIA	201
	15.4 SOCIAL MEDIA, GROUP FORUMS AND SUPPORT SITES	203
	15.5 E?THERAPY	205
	15.6 ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF E-THERAPIES	208
	15.7 IMMERSIVE VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS AS AIDS TO TREATMENT	209
	15.8 CONCLUSIONS	210
	SUGGESTED READINGS	211
	Chapter 16 Concluding Thoughts	212
	References	215
	Index	252
	EULA	260