Title Page	5
	Copyright Page	6
	Contents	9
	Contributors	12
	Acknowledgments	17
	Introduction	19
	Vision and Scope for this Handbook	19
	Choices we Made in Constructing this Book	20
	The Utility and Importance of the Handbook	20
	How to Use this Text	20
	Part One General Issues in Violence and Victimization	23
	Chapter 1 The Dynamic Nature of Crime Statistics	25
	Scope of the Uniform Crime Reporting Program Summary Reporting System	28
	The Original Uniform Crime Reporting Program (Summary Reporting System)	29
	Changes to the Recording of Crime in Recent Years	31
	A Paradigm Shift from Reactive to Proactive Policing and Incident?Based Data	32
	Tactical Analysis and the Origins of UCR NIBRS Data	34
	Operational Analysis and Regional and State-level Data	34
	Strategic Analysis and NIBRS Data	36
	Strategic Analysis and UCR	36
	National Incident-Based Reporting System	36
	Expanding Role of Law Enforcement – Expanding Data?	38
	Conclusion	39
	Acknowledgments	40
	References	40
	Chapter 2 Ethical Issues in Surveys about Children’s Exposure to Violence and Sexual Abuse	42
	Introduction	42
	Protecting Children from Harm	43
	Obtaining Informed Consent	53
	Miscellaneous Methodological Issues	58
	A Research Agenda	61
	Acknowledgments	62
	Recommendations for Further Reading	62
	References	63
	Chapter 3 Why are Offenders Victimized so Often?	67
	Introduction	67
	Early Studies	67
	Theoretical Overview	68
	A Situational Perspective	73
	Future Research	78
	Policy Implications	79
	References	80
	Chapter 4 The Complex Dynamics of Victimization: Understanding Differential Vulnerability without Blaming the Victim	84
	Types of Interconnections	84
	The Extent of Polyvictimization and Revictimization	85
	Understanding Dynamics versus Blaming the Victim	86
	Connections versus Mechanisms	89
	Proximal Causes of Polyvictimization and Revictimization	89
	The Blurry Lines between Proximal and Distal Effects	90
	Distal Causes of Polyvictimization and Revictimization	91
	Research Implications	96
	Prevention and Intervention Implications	98
	Conclusion	98
	References	99
	Chapter 5 Social Construction of Violence	104
	The Old Violence	104
	Constructing the New Violence	106
	Understanding Social Construction	113
	References	116
	Chapter 6 Consequences and Sequelae of Violence and Victimization	118
	Victimization and Mental Health	118
	Victimization and Substance Abuse	122
	Victimization and Physical Health	123
	Consequences for Disadvantaged Groups	129
	Conclusions	130
	References	131
	Part Two General Violence	139
	Chapter 7 Homicide: Its Prevalence, Correlates, and Situational Contexts	141
	Introduction	141
	Definitional Issues and Data Sources for Studying Homicide	141
	The Prevalence of Homicide	143
	Social Correlates of Homicide	145
	Motives for Homicide	150
	Types of Homicide Situations	151
	References	154
	Chapter 8 Nonfatal Violence	158
	Major Data Sources of Nonfatal Violence	158
	Defining Nonfatal Violence	159
	Trends and Patterns in Overall and Serious Nonfatal Violence	160
	Trends and Patterns in Specific Forms of Serious Violence	162
	Trends and Patterns in Simple Assault	163
	Composition of Nonfatal Violent Victimization	164
	Victim Characteristics of Nonfatal Violence	164
	Characteristics of Nonfatal Violent Incidents	169
	Conclusion	173
	References	173
	Chapter 9 Perceptions of Stalking Victimization among Behaviorally Defined Victims: Examining Factors that Influence Self-Identification	176
	Introduction	176
	The Nature and Extent of Stalking Victimization	177
	Measuring Stalking Victimization	178
	Research Questions	180
	Data and Methodology	180
	Analytic Technique	183
	Results	184
	Discussion and Conclusions	189
	Notes	192
	References	192
	Chapter 10 The Situational Dynamics of Street Crime: Property versus Confrontational Crime	197
	Introduction	197
	Motivation	199
	Targeting and Planning	203
	Enactment	207
	Conclusion	210
	References	211
	Part Three Juvenile Violence	213
	Chapter 11 Triggerman Today, Dead Man Tomorrow: Gangs, Violence, and Victimization	215
	The Victim-Offender Overlap	216
	Extending the Victim-Offender Overlap to Gangs	218
	Conclusion	223
	References	224
	Chapter 12 Girls and Women in Gangs	229
	Introduction	229
	A Brief History of Girls in Gangs	230
	Gender and Race Representations in Gangs	232
	Joining Gangs	233
	Gangs, Gender, Crime and Violence	234
	The Impact of Pregnancy and Parenthood on Gang Memberships	237
	Incarcerated Gang Women	238
	Conclusion	240
	Note	241
	References	241
	Chapter 13 School Violence and Bullying	244
	Bullying Prevalence in K-12 Settings	245
	Risk and Protective Factors	246
	Psychological, Educational, and Health-Related Correlates of Bullying Involvement	251
	Prevention and Intervention	254
	Summary and Future Directions	256
	References	256
	Chapter 14 Juvenile Violence: Interventions, Policies, and Future Directions	265
	Introduction	265
	I: The Basics and Scope of Youth Violence: A Focus on Homicide	266
	Diagnosis – Youth Violence as a Public Health Problem: Structuring our Knowledge	267
	Treatment – Interventions and Policies Addressing Youth Violence	273
	Future Directions	279
	Conclusion	280
	Notes	280
	References	282
	Part Four Family Violence	295
	Chapter 15 Child Maltreatment	297
	Introduction	297
	Defining Child Maltreatment	297
	Reports of Child Maltreatment	298
	Overlapping Forms of Child Maltreatment	299
	Risk Factors for Child Maltreatment	299
	Developmental Outcomes of Child Maltreatment	300
	Potential Mechanisms Explaining the Long-Term Effects of Child Maltreatment	306
	Conclusion	308
	Note	309
	References	310
	Chapter 16 Destructive Sibling Aggression	315
	Normalization of Sibling Aggression	315
	Definitions and Subtypes	317
	Violence and Abuse	319
	Forms of Sibling Violence and Abuse	320
	Causes and Consequences	325
	Factors Linked to Sibling Aggression	325
	Consequences	329
	Sibling Aggression in Practice	330
	Conclusion	332
	References	332
	Chapter 17 Elder Maltreatment: The Theory and Practice of Elder-Abuse Prevention	342
	Conceptualizing and Defining Elder Abuse	342
	The Nature and Scope of Elder Abuse	346
	Prevalence/Incidence of Elder Abuse	348
	Risk Factors for Elder Abuse	350
	The Abused: Risk Factors for Elder Abuse Victimization	350
	Individual Characteristics of Abuse	351
	Relational Correlates of Abuse	352
	The Abusers: Risk Factors for Perpetrating Elder Abuse and Neglect	353
	Personal Characteristics of Abusers	354
	Interpersonal Characteristics of Abusers	355
	Explaining Elder Abuse	355
	Sociological Theories of Elder Abuse	356
	Criminological Theories of Elder Abuse	358
	Integrated Theories of Elder Abuse	359
	Consequences of Elder Abuse	360
	Practice, Policy and Prevention	361
	Emergent Directions	364
	References	365
	Chapter 18 Interventions, Policies, and Future Research Directions in Family Violence	371
	Child Abuse Interventions	372
	Elder Abuse	374
	The Collaborative Response System	377
	Barriers to Effective Interventions	378
	Future Directions in Family Violence Research	379
	Concluding Remarks	385
	References	386
	Part Five Partner Violence	389
	Chapter 19 Intimate Partner Violence Among College Students: Measurement, Risk Factors, Consequences, and Responses	391
	Definition of Intimate Partner Violence	392
	Measurement of Intimate Partner Violence Among College Students	392
	The Extent of Intimate Partner Violence Among College Students	394
	Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Violence	395
	Gender Symmetry in Intimate Partner Violence Among College Students	396
	Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence for College Students	402
	The Federal Government’s Responses to Intimate Partner Violence Among College Students	404
	Can Educational Programs Prevent Partner Abuse Among College Students?	407
	Active Bystander Invention: Promising Results	408
	References	409
	Chapter 20 The Transcendence of Intimate Violence across the Life Course	414
	Intimate Partner Violence – What Have Nearly Four Decades of Research Taught Us?	415
	Consequences of Intimate Violence – The Phenomenon of Revictimization	416
	A Life-Course Perspective on IPV	417
	A Focus on Continuity and Change over Time	418
	Empirical Evidence on the Stability of Violence within Relationships	420
	Desistance from Violence within Relationships	421
	Getting Out of a Violent Relationship	422
	Across Relationships – Repeat Victims and Exiting Relationships	422
	Conclusions and Implications for Future Research on IPV across the Life Course	424
	References	425
	Chapter 21 Controversies in Partner Violence	429
	Controversies Regarding Prevalence	429
	Controversies Regarding Measurement	435
	Controversies Regarding Causal Mechanisms	437
	Controversies in Victim Services	440
	Controversies in Treatment	442
	Controversies in Prevention	445
	Conclusion	446
	References	447
	Chapter 22 Interventions, Policies, and Future Research Directions in Partner Violence	457
	Introduction	457
	Interventions/Policies	457
	Research on Policies and Interventions	459
	Future Directions in Research	463
	References	467
	Part Six Sexual Violence	473
	Chapter 23 Rape and Sexual Assault Victimization	475
	Rape and Sexual Assault Victimization Definitions	475
	Incidence and Prevalence	476
	Risk Factors and Correlates	479
	Outcomes	483
	Factors that Influence Outcomes	484
	Services and Treatment for Victims	488
	Summary and Recommendations	489
	References	491
	Chapter 24 A Motivation-Facilitation Model of Adult Male Sexual Offending	500
	Introduction	500
	The Present Chapter	500
	Motivations to Sexually Offend	501
	Facilitators of Sexual Offending	505
	Trait Facilitators	506
	State Facilitators	508
	Sex Offender Risk Assessment	510
	Interventions and Management	512
	Conclusions	512
	References	513
	Chapter 25 Pornography and Violence Against Women	519
	Pornography and Violence Against Women	519
	The Pornography Business	520
	Pornography and Violence Against Women	521
	Conclusion	530
	Notes	530
	References	530
	Chapter 26 Prostitution and Sex Trafficking	535
	Background and Definitions	535
	Prevalence of Prostitution and Sex Trafficking	537
	Demographic Characteristics of Prostitution and Sex Victims	539
	Violence and Harm Associated with Prostitution and Sex Trafficking	541
	Criminal Justice System Responses to Prostitution and Sex Trafficking Victims	545
	Notes	546
	References	547
	Chapter 27 Interventions, Policies, and Future Research Directions in Sexual Violence	551
	Sex Offender Treatment Interventions	552
	Sex Offender Public Policy	555
	Victim Interventions	560
	Note	564
	References	564
	Part Seven Cybercrime	571
	Chapter 28 Cybercrime Victimization	573
	Introduction	573
	Understanding Personal Cybercrime Victimization	574
	Types of Personal Cybercrime Victimization	574
	Definitions of Personal Cybercrime Victimization	575
	Theories Explaining Personal Cybercrime Victimization	577
	Extent of Personal Cybercrime Victimization	582
	Impact of Personal Cybercrime Victimization	585
	References	586
	Chapter 29 Online Harassment	589
	How Many Youth are Affected by Online Harassment?	590
	Who are the Victims and Perpetrators of Online Harassment?	592
	The Impact of Harassment	594
	Understanding Online Harassment in the Context of Other Forms of Peer Victimization	595
	Summary	596
	What are the Implications for Prevention and Intervention based on What We Know?	597
	Conclusion	601
	References	601
	Chapter 30 Technology and Violence	606
	Technology and Violence	606
	The Intersection of Violence, Cyberspace, and the Real World	607
	Violence as a Form of Crime, Activism, or Terror	608
	Technology as an Information Source for Violence	610
	The Internet as a Communications Vehicle	611
	Technology as a Facilitator For Violence Against Virtual Targets	613
	Discussion and Conclusions	616
	References	618
	Chapter 31 Interventions, Policies, and Future Research Directions in Cybercrime	622
	Introduction	622
	Definition of Digital Violence and its Characteristics	623
	Challenges in the Structural Linkage of Digital Violence	624
	The Digital Environment	625
	Motivations for Digital Violence	627
	Summary	637
	Notes	638
	References	638
	Part Eight Violence in Underserved and Understudied Populations	641
	Chapter 32 Intimate Partner Violence among Latinos	643
	Social Life of Latinos in the United States	643
	Review of the IPV Literature	646
	Note	658
	References	659
	Part Eight Living in a Web of Trauma: An Ecological Examination of Violence among African Americans	667
	Prevalence Rates and Types of Violence	668
	Ecological Model: Risk and Protective Factors	674
	Prevention/Prevention Strategies	679
	Notes	681
	References	681
	Chapter 34 An Interpretation of Invisible Domestic Violence among Asian Americans	684
	Introduction	684
	Theoretical Models of Domestic Violence	685
	Conclusion	691
	Notes	691
	References	692
	Chapter 35 Interpersonal Violence and American Indian and Alaska Native Communities	696
	Introduction	696
	Child Abuse and American Indian Children: A Legacy of History, Politics, and Acculturation	697
	Violence against Native Women	701
	Barriers to Justice and Safety for Native Women	702
	Ways Forward – Protecting the Next Seven Generations	707
	Notes	707
	References	708
	Chapter 36 Intimate Partner Violence in LGBT Communities	713
	Introduction	713
	LGBT Intimate Partner Violence Research	714
	Prevalence of LGBT Intimate Partner Violence	716
	Unique LGBT Contexts	723
	Response to LGBT Intimate Partner Violence	724
	Appendix: Sexual Orientation Question developed by National Center for Health Statistics, Included in National Health Interview Survey	727
	References	728
	Chapter 37 Research on the Victimization of Understudied Populations: Current Issues and Future Directions	733
	Introduction	733
	Research Issues	734
	Researching Groups	737
	Policy Implications	738
	References	743
	Index	745
	EULA	762