Front Cover	1
	Handbook of the Psychology of Aging	4
	Copyright Page	5
	Contents	6
	Foreword	12
	Preface	14
	About the Editors	20
	List of Contributors	22
	I. Concepts, Theory, Methods	26
	1 Theoretical Perspectives for the Psychology of Aging in a Lifespan Context	28
	Introduction	28
	The Role of Pathology in Normal Aging	29
	Assumption of Universal Decline	29
	Successful, Normal and Pathological Aging	30
	Lifespan Theories of Psychological Aging	31
	Erikson’s Stage Model	31
	Schaie and Willis’ Stage Theory of Cognition	32
	The Co-Constructive Perspective	34
	Summary and Outlook	35
	References	35
	2 Methodological Considerations for the Study of Adult Development and Aging	40
	Introduction	41
	Research Designs and Sampling Considerations for the Study of Adult Development and Aging	41
	Cross-Sectional Versus Longitudinal Designs	41
	Age Differences Versus Change	42
	Relative Advantages Versus Disadvantages	42
	Which Design Is Best Suited for the Study of Aging?	42
	Summary	44
	Longitudinal Designs: Select Subtypes	44
	Intensive Measurement Burst Design	45
	Key Threats to the Validity of Longitudinal Designs	46
	Attrition	46
	Retest Effects	46
	Assessing the Impact of Repeated Practice on Trajectories of Age-Related Change	47
	Missingness: Causes, Consequences, and Potential Solutions	48
	Classifications of Missingness	48
	Approaches for Dealing with Missing Data: A Brief Overview	49
	Planned Missingness	51
	Section Summary: Key Methodological Considerations for Incomplete Data	51
	Modeling Change in Studies of Aging	52
	Select Statistical Models for Change	52
	Multilevel and Latent Growth Curve Approaches for Continuous Outcomes	52
	Generalized Linear Mixed and Survival Models for Categorical Outcomes	53
	Correlated and Coupled Change	54
	Developmental Parameterizations of Time	54
	Is Chronological Age the Only Metric?	55
	Alternative Parameterizations of Time	55
	Emerging Methodological Trends for the Study of Aging	57
	Select Approaches to Integrated Data Analysis	57
	Meta-Analysis	57
	Mega-Analysis	57
	Data Harmonization	58
	Coordinated Analysis with Replication	58
	An Intraindividual Variability Approach	59
	Beyond the First Order Moment	59
	RT Inconsistency Across Response Latency Trials	59
	Conclusions	61
	Acknowledgments	61
	References	61
	3 Society and the Individual at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century	66
	Introduction	67
	A Comment on Lifespan Psychology	68
	Health and Health Care	69
	Policies and Practices	71
	Education	73
	Policies and Practices	74
	Work and Retirement	75
	Policies and Practices	77
	Family Life	78
	Policies and Practices	81
	Summary and Conclusions	83
	References	83
	II. Bio-psychosocial Factors in Aging	88
	4 Sex Hormones and Cognitive Aging	90
	Introduction	91
	Effects of Estrogen and Testosterone in Young Adults	91
	Variation in Cognition across the Menstrual Cycle	91
	Menstrual Cycle Fluctuations in Neural Activity	92
	Variation in Affect across the Menstrual Cycle	93
	Effects of Menopause and Hormone Levels on Cognition in Older Women	93
	Estrogens and Menopausal HT in Women—Observational Studies	94
	Estrogens and Menopausal HT in Women—Effects of Surgical Menopause and Intervention in Younger and Older Women	95
	Estrogens and Menopausal HT in Women—Intervention Studies in Older Postmenopausal Women	96
	Results from the Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS) and the Women’s Health Initiative Study of Cognitive Aging ...	97
	Testosterone and Progesterone	99
	Estrogens and Menopausal HT in Older Women—Associations with Brain Structure and Function	100
	Testosterone and Cognitive Aging in Men	102
	Observational Studies of Circulating Levels of Testosterone and Cognitive Function	102
	Intervention Studies of Testosterone Supplementation	102
	Conclusions and Areas for Future Research	104
	References	105
	5 The Aging Mind in Transition: Amyloid Deposition and Progression toward Alzheimer’s Disease	112
	Introduction	113
	Amyloid Imaging	114
	Models of Cognitive Transitions	115
	Scaffolding Theory of Aging and Cognition	115
	A Model of Preclinical AD	117
	What is the Relationship between Amyloid Deposition and Neurodegeneration?	118
	Neuronal Dysfunction	118
	Neuronal Loss	119
	Does Amyloid Deposition Invariably Lead to Cognitive Decline?	120
	Amyloid and Episodic Memory	120
	Impact of Amyloid on Other Cognitive Domains	120
	Amyloid, Neurodegeneration, and Cognitive Decline	121
	Modifiers of Transition to AD: Enrichment and Depletion Factors	121
	Depletion Factors	122
	Enrichment Factors	123
	Conclusion and New Directions	123
	Acknowledgment	124
	References	124
	6 Research on Human Plasticity in Adulthood: A Lifespan Agenda	130
	Plasticity and Stability in Lifespan Development	131
	The Supply–Demand Mismatch Model of Plasticity	131
	Proposition #1: Plasticity Decreases from Childhood to Old Age	133
	Proposition #2: Flexibility Increases from Childhood to Middle Adulthood, and Declines Thereafter	137
	Proposition #3: Relative to Childhood, Plasticity in Adulthood and Old Age is More Often Associated with Maintenance, and L ...	138
	Plasticity and Flexibility in Relation to Gf–Gc Theory	140
	Open Questions and Future Research Directions	141
	Investigating Age Differences in the Sequential Progression of Plasticity	141
	Scrutinizing “Ribot’s Law” and the “Dark Side of Plasticity”	142
	Towards a Molecular Understanding of Plasticity Dynamics in Human Adults	143
	Acknowledgments	144
	References	144
	7 Cognitive and Physical Aging: Genetic Influences and Gene–Environment Interplay	150
	Introduction	150
	Cognitive Function	151
	General Cognitive Ability	151
	Specific Cognitive Abilities	152
	Environmental Influences	152
	Physical Function	153
	Physiological Functioning	153
	Behavioral Physical Functioning	154
	Cross-Domain Investigations	155
	Interrelationships Between Cognitive and Physical Aging	155
	Brain Structures	156
	Specific Genes Important to Cognitive and Physical Aging	156
	Cognitive Aging	157
	Physical Aging	158
	Gene Pathways Underlying Cognition-Physical Functioning Dynamics	159
	Genetic Influences on Environmental Sensitivity	160
	Biomarkers of GE Interplay	161
	Telomere Length	162
	Summary and Future Directions	163
	References	164
	8 Memory: Behavior and Neural Basis	172
	What Is Memory, and What Is Aging?	172
	Brain Aging and Memory: A Complex and Dynamic Relationship	173
	Control and Association: Major Influences on Age Differences in Memory	174
	The Controlled Processing Paradox: Important and Impaired	174
	Associational Memory May Be Especially Impaired in Aging	177
	Default Network Dysregulation	178
	Modifying Factors: Qualitative and Quantitative Effects	179
	Interventions: Hope for Improvement?	180
	Summary and Conclusions	183
	References	184
	9 Audition and Language Comprehension in Adult Aging: Stability in the Face of Change	190
	Introduction	191
	Challenges for Speech Comprehension	191
	Age-Related Hearing Loss	192
	Audition: Some Preliminaries	192
	Types of Hearing Loss	193
	Conductive Hearing Loss	193
	Sensorineural Hearing Loss	193
	Central Processing Deficits	194
	Variability in Age-Related Hearing Loss	194
	Speech in Noise: A Hallmark of Aging Hearing	195
	Separating Speech from Noise	195
	Informational Masking	195
	Compensation Through Linguistic Knowledge	196
	Effects of Age and Hearing Acuity on Word Recognition	196
	Effects of Contextual Facilitation	197
	Expectation and Entropy in Word Recognition	198
	Comprehension and Recall at the Sentence Level	200
	Compensatory Support from Speech Prosody	204
	Support from Other Sensory Cues	204
	Downstream Effects of Perceptual Effort	204
	Broader Issues of Age-Related Hearing Loss	205
	Conclusions	206
	References	207
	10 Exercise, Cognition, and Health	212
	Introduction	212
	Definitions	213
	Epidemiological Studies	214
	Physical Activity and Fitness Associations with Cognition	215
	Randomized Trials of Aerobic Exercise on Cognition	215
	Resistance Training on Cognition	216
	Effects of Exercise on Impaired Populations	217
	Cross-Sectional Associations Between Physical Activity and Gray Matter Volume	217
	Randomized Trials of Exercise on Gray Matter Volume	218
	Associations Between Physical Activity, Fitness, and White Matter Integrity	218
	Aerobic Exercise Effects on Functional MRI Patterns	219
	Effects of Resistance Training on Cerebral Blood Flow and fMRI Patterns	219
	Mediators and Moderators	220
	Other Health Factors Related to Cognition	221
	Conclusion	221
	References	222
	III. Behavioral Processes	228
	11 Personality and Health: Reviewing Recent Research and Setting a Directive for the Future	230
	Personality Traits: Definitions and Classifications	231
	Dispositions and Health: A Brief History of Models in the Field	232
	Personality Traits and Physiological Markers of Aging	233
	Inflammatory Markers and Personality Traits	233
	Cardiovascular Indicators and Personality Traits	234
	Personality and Health across Adulthood: Moderators, Moderated Mediators, and More	235
	Age as a Moderator of Personality Traits and Health	235
	Age as a Moderator of the Linkages Between Personality Traits and Health	236
	The Full Role of Age on the Linkages Between Personality and Health	237
	Healthy Living as a Catalyst for Personality Development	237
	Subjective Wellbeing and Adult Personality Change	238
	Healthy Behaviors as Predictors of Personality Change	238
	Major Illness as a Predictor of Personality Change	238
	Current and Future Directions	239
	References	241
	12 Cognitive Training in Later Adulthood	244
	Introduction	245
	Theoretical Perspectives and Assumptions on Training	245
	Magnification Perspective	245
	Compensatory Perspective	246
	Cognitive Training: Behavioral Interventions and Behavioral Outcomes	246
	Strategy Training	246
	Episodic Memory	246
	Inductive Reasoning	248
	Component-Specific and Variable Priority Training	249
	Variable Priority Training: Attention	250
	Speed of Processing	250
	Whole Task Practice Training	251
	N-Back (Working Memory) Training	252
	WM as a Multidimensional Construct: Implications for Training	252
	Training Involving Multiple WM Subprocesses or Tasks	253
	Multi-Domain Training	253
	Multi-Domain: Combined Strategy and Component Training	253
	MEMO	253
	Activity Engagement Interventions	254
	Computer- and Mobile-Based Training and Gaming	254
	Computerized Training	254
	Computerized-Cognitive Training	254
	Casual Gaming Interventions	255
	Association of Cognitive Abilities and Casual Video Games	255
	Challenge of Classifying Games by Cognitive Domain	255
	Association Between Cognitive Abilities and Game Groups	256
	MCI Training	256
	Cognitive Training: Neural Mechanisms and Outcomes	258
	Brain Imaging as a Surrogate Biomarker	258
	Brain Imaging to Identify Structural Plasticity	259
	Effects on Training for Brain Activation	259
	Models of Training-Induced Brain Changes	260
	Neuroimaging as a Predictor of Training Response	262
	References	264
	13 Executive Functions and Neurocognitive Aging	270
	Overview	270
	Measuring EFs	271
	Executive Deficit Theories of Cognitive Aging	272
	Inhibitory Deficit Theory (Hasher & Zacks)	272
	Goal Maintenance Deficit (Braver & West)	273
	Production Deficit Hypothesis	273
	Frontal Lobe Hypothesis of Cognitive Aging	273
	A Current Perspective on Executive Deficit Theories of Cognitive Aging	274
	Do EFs Show the Earliest and Disproportionate Decline?	274
	Cross-Sectional Evidence for Disproportionate EF Decline?	275
	Longitudinal Evidence for Earlier EF Decline?	275
	Do Brain Regions Linked to EF Show the Earliest and Disproportionate Decline?	276
	Aging and the Neural Substrates of EF	276
	Relative Degree and Onset of PFC Decline	277
	EFs and PFC Processes as Compensatory and Protective	279
	EFs, the Frontal Lobes, and Lifelong aging	281
	References	282
	14 Social Interrelations in Aging: The Sample Case of Married Couples	288
	Introduction	288
	Overview of Existing Research and New Trends	289
	Well-Being	290
	Health	292
	Cognition	293
	Towards Addressing Methodological Challenges	294
	Psychological Processes are Embedded in Macro-Level Contexts	295
	Future Directions and Challenges	296
	Capturing Processes that Occur on Different Timescales	296
	Integrating Between-Couple and Within-Couple Perspectives	297
	Applied Significance	298
	Social Interrelations Beyond Marital Dyads	299
	Conclusion	299
	Acknowledgments	299
	References	299
	15 Age Differences in the Connection of Mood and Cognition: Evidence from Studies of Mood Congruent Effects	304
	Introduction	305
	Definition and Theories of Mood-congruent Cognition	305
	Emotion Theory and Mood Congruence in Young Adulthood: Associationist and Schema Models	305
	Emotion Theory and Aging: The Positivity Effect and Its Limits: SST and SAVI	307
	Conceptual and Methodological Issues in the Study of Mood-congruent Cognition	307
	Effects of Personality Factors on Emotion and Cognition Interaction	309
	Mood-congruent Effects on Cognition: Adulthood	310
	Mood-congruence Effects in Depression: Memory and Attentional Bias	310
	Mood Congruence Effects in Anxiety: Memory and Attentional Biases	312
	Mood-congruent Effects on Cognition: Older Adult Populations	314
	Depressed Mood and Congruent Cognition in Older Adults	314
	Mood-congruent Attention in Sad and Depressed Mood	317
	Anxious Mood and Congruent Cognition in Older Adults	318
	Implications for Theory and Research on Age Differences in the Mood–Cognition Linkage	320
	Implications for Psychological Interventions with Older Adults	321
	References	323
	16 Psychological Vitality in the Oldest Old	328
	Introduction	328
	Scope of the Chapter	329
	Who are the Contemporary Oldest Old?	329
	Research Issues	330
	Domains of Psychological Vitality	331
	Cognition	331
	Level Versus Change in Cognition and Survival	331
	Heterogeneity of Cognitive Functioning in the Oldest Old	332
	Personality Traits	333
	Trait Predictors of Survival	333
	Personality Profiles of the Oldest Old	334
	Personality Change after Age 80	334
	Self-Related Beliefs and Self-Regulation	335
	Self-Related Predictors of Survival	335
	Characteristics of the Self-Related Beliefs of the Oldest-Old	336
	Change in Self-Related Beliefs after Age 80	336
	Social Connections	337
	Social Connections of the Oldest Old	338
	Social Connection Predictors of Survival	338
	Subjective Well-Being	339
	Subjective Well-Being and the Prediction of Survival to Age 80	339
	Level and Change in Subjective Well-Being after Age 80	340
	Conclusions	340
	References	341
	IV. Complex Processes	346
	17 Cross-Cultural Psychology of Aging	348
	Cross-Cultural Psychology of Aging	348
	A Theory: Aging in Culture	349
	Individuals Make Sense of Life Through Internalizing the Values of Their Cultures	349
	Age Differences in Personality	351
	Age Differences in Social Relationships	353
	Age-Related Cognition	354
	Other Approaches	356
	Using Aging as a Context to Test Cultural Differences	356
	Cross-Cultural Aging as Tests of Generalizability	357
	Summary, Caveats, and Conclusion	358
	Acknowledgments	359
	References	359
	18 Work, Retirement and Aging	364
	Aging in the Work Context	365
	Work and Cognitive Aging	365
	EOR for Aging Workers	366
	Aging in the Context of HRM	368
	Employee Benefits	368
	Knowledge Transfer Strategy	369
	Motivation and Performance Management	370
	Retention and Recruitment	371
	Aging and Work–Family Issues	372
	The Transition from Work to Retirement: The Temporal Process and Outcomes	374
	The Temporal Process Model of Retirement	374
	Outcomes of Retirement	377
	Conclusions and Future Directions	379
	References	381
	19 Financial Decision-Making and Capacity in Older Adults	386
	Introduction: What is Financial Capacity? Legal, Clinical and Ethical Perspectives	387
	The Financial Capacity Problem: Cognitive Aging and Disorders of Aging	389
	Clinical Warning Signs of Diminished Financial Capacity	390
	Challenges in Modeling Financial Capacity	391
	Clinical Model of Financial Capacity	392
	Approaches to Assessing Financial Capacity	393
	Assessing Premorbid Financial Capacity	393
	Self and Informant-Based Assessment	395
	Performance-Based Assessment	395
	Clinical Interview Assessment of Financial Capacity	397
	Empirical Studies of Financial Capacity	397
	Financial Capacity in Patients with Mild and Moderate AD	397
	Longitudinal Change in Financial Capacity in Patients with Mild AD	398
	Financial Capacity in Patients with MCI	399
	Neuropsychological Predictors of Financial Capacity	400
	Neuroimaging Studies of Financial Capacity	402
	Neuroimaging Approaches to Studying Financial Capacity	402
	Neuroimaging Studies of Financial Capacity in aMCI and AD	402
	Neuroimaging Studies of Financial Decision Making in Cognitively Normal Older Adults	403
	Summary	403
	Non-Cognitive Contributions to Financial Capacity in Aging	404
	Psychological and Psychiatric Contributions to Financial Capacity	404
	Relationship of Physical Dependence/Medical Frailty to Financial Capacity in Aging	405
	Cultural and Social Contributions to Financial Capacity in Aging	406
	Resilience and Financial Capacity in Aging	407
	Future Research Directions	408
	Detecting Very Early Financial Declines in Cognitively Normal Elderly	408
	Study of Financial Capacity in Other Older Adult Clinical Populations	408
	Study of Non-Cognitive Contributions to Financial Capacity in Aging	409
	Evolution of Financial Capacity in a Technological Society	409
	References	409
	20 Technology, Gaming, and Social Networking	414
	Definition of Technology and ICT	415
	A Century of Development and Diffusion of Technology	415
	Home Computing and Gaming	416
	Technology Use and Age	416
	Theories and Models of Technology Adoption	418
	Rogers Diffusion of Innovation (Rogers, 1995)	418
	Technology Acceptance Model	419
	Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology	419
	Other Factors in Technology Acceptance and Use	419
	Older Adult Game Use and Game Preferences	420
	Gamer Demographics	420
	Game Preferences of Older Adults	421
	Benefits of Gaming	421
	Communication	422
	Social Networking as a Newly Emerging Communications Technology	423
	Benefits of SNS Use?	423
	Barriers to Technology Adoption by Seniors	424
	Financial Cost	424
	Cognitive Cost	424
	Beliefs	426
	Design Costs	426
	Privacy Concerns	426
	Technology as a Factor for Successful Longevity	427
	Conclusions	428
	Acknowledgment	429
	References	429
	21 Risk Factors and Prevention Strategies for Late-Life Mood and Anxiety Disorders	434
	Introduction	435
	Late-Life Depression	435
	Epidemiology of Late-Life Depression	435
	Sociodemographic Risk Factors for Depression	436
	Sex	436
	Race	436
	Biological and Clinical Risk Factors for Depression	437
	The Inter-relationship Between Cardiovascular Disease, Dementia, and Depression	437
	Disability	438
	Psychosocial Risk Factors for Depression	439
	Social Support	439
	Bereavement	440
	Late-Life Anxiety Disorders	441
	Epidemiology of Late-Life Anxiety Disorders	441
	Risk Factors for Late-Life Anxiety Disorders	441
	Late-Life Co-Existing Mood and Anxiety Disorders	442
	Epidemiology of Late-Life Co-existing Mood–Anxiety Disorders	442
	Characteristics of Co-existing Mood–Anxiety Disorders	442
	Risk Factors for Late-Life Suicide and Suicidal Behavior	442
	Detection, Treatment, and Management	444
	Conclusion	445
	References	446
	22 Late-Life Sleep and Sleep Disorders	454
	Late-Life Sleep and Sleep Disorders Normal Late-Life Sleep	455
	Epidemiology of Sleep Disorders in Late Life	455
	Insomnia	455
	Advanced Sleep Phase Disorder	456
	Sleep-Disordered Breathing	456
	Assessment	457
	Main Methods of Sleep Assessment	457
	Subjective Assessments	457
	Objective Assessments	457
	Sleep Disorders	458
	Insomnia	458
	Development	458
	Major Theories	458
	Risk Factors for Late-Life Insomnia	459
	Comorbidities	459
	Social and Behavioral Changes	459
	Cognition	459
	Socioeconomic Status	459
	Hypnotic Dependence	459
	Special Populations	460
	Assessment	460
	Interventions	460
	Pharmacological	460
	Psychological	461
	Psychological and Pharmacological Approaches Combined	461
	CBT-I and Hypnotic Reduction	461
	Advanced Sleep Phase Disorder	462
	Development	462
	Major Theories	462
	Assessment	463
	Interventions	463
	Sleep-Disordered Breathing	464
	Development	464
	Type—OSA Versus Central Sleep Apnea	464
	Risk Factors	464
	Assessment	464
	Intervention	464
	Expectancies Regarding Interventions and Outcomes in Older Adults	465
	Evidence-Based Treatments	465
	Does CBT-I Work for Older Adults?	465
	Treatment for Comorbid Insomnia in Older Adults?	465
	Treatment of Comorbid Apnea and Insomnia?	466
	Caregiver Involvement and Treatment	466
	Dementia Patients and Caregivers	466
	Conclusions and Future Directions	467
	References	468
	23 Psychosocial Interventions for Older Adults with Dementia and Their Caregivers	472
	Introduction	473
	Person-Centered Interventions	474
	Rationale and Theory	474
	Studies	474
	PA Interventions	474
	Rationale and Theory	474
	Studies	488
	Caregiver Training Interventions	488
	Rationale and Theory	488
	Studies	488
	Emotion-Focused Interventions	489
	Rationale and Theory	489
	Studies	489
	Social Enhancement	489
	Rationale and Theory	489
	Studies	489
	Translation and Implementation of Psychosocial Approaches	489
	Discussion	491
	References	493
	24 The Psychology of Death and Dying in Later Life	500
	Introduction	500
	Part 1: Secular, Technological Influences on Understanding and Experiencing Death and Dying in Later Life	501
	Part 2: Individual Expectations and Fears about Dying, Including Empirical, Data, Clinical Practices, and Proposed Policy C ...	502
	Physical Symptoms	506
	Psychological Symptoms	506
	Economic Demands and Caregiver Needs	507
	Social Relationships and Support	507
	Spiritual/Existential Beliefs	507
	Hopes and Expectations	507
	Part 3: Bereavement, Grief, and Mourning in Contemporary Society	508
	Some Introductory Material	508
	Conclusion	512
	References	512
	Author Index	516
	Subject Index	540