CONTENTS	5
	PREFACE	6
	1 COLONIZATION OR IMPERIALISM	12
	Gold or Christ	12
	The spice route: how much is this explanation worth?	13
	The four routes	15
	A social cause: the decline of the nobility	17
	Colonial expansion and imperialism: continuity or discontinuity	19
	The market or the flag?	21
	Schumpeter or Hobson?	24
	Comparison of results	27
	Between colonization and neo-colonialism	29
	Civilization and racism	30
	2 THE INITIATIVES	34
	First the Portuguese	34
	Albuquerque and Mamal of Canador	38
	The pride of the Spanish	39
	The encounter with the Indians	40
	The conquistadores: Cortez, Pizarro, Valdivia	42
	The Church enters the stage: the missions in the Far East	47
	Extending the Kingdom of Christ	47
	France: fishing or adventure?	50
	And then the Dutch…	53
	England: state piracy	55
	Russia: increasing the number of tax-payers for the Tsar	58
	Japan: colonization also begins in the sixteenth century	59
	3 CONFLICTS FOR AN EMPIRE	62
	Prefigurations	62
	Hispano-Portuguese rivalry	63
	The rivalry between Holland and Portugal	64
	England: a hue and cry against Holland	65
	Designs on the Spanish colonies	66
	Anglo-French rivalry	68
	Survivals and new grounds of rivalry	75
	A great turning-point: Egypt or Algeria	76
	A digression: the passing greatness of Egyptian imperialism (1820–85)	76
	Algeria-Tunisia: from one type of expansion to another	78
	Aggravation of the colonial rivalries during the imperialist period	81
	The division of black Africa	82
	The new conquerors	87
	Russians and Englishmen: keeping watch over the Caucasus and Central Asia	97
	The break-up of China	101
	The break-up of China	104
	The dismembering of the Ottoman Empire	105
	The French and the British in the Middle East	107
	Japan: a “superior people” against the West	109
	The problem of the Kurile Islands	111
	4 A NEW RACE OF SOCIETIES	114
	The mixed-race people of America	115
	What wives for the conquerors?	115
	The fate of the black slave woman was worse than that of the men	118
	Blacks and Indians	119
	Black fugitives and black resistance	120
	The revolt of the “runaways”	122
	The birth of the Creole	124
	The Anglo-Indians	125
	Pieds-noirs and Arabs	128
	In Morocco and in Algeria	129
	Tradition and europeanization	130
	Frustration felt by the elites and ordinary racism	132
	Symbolic figures	134
	The planter and his plantation	135
	The Indo-Chinese reversal	136
	The administrator and forced labour	138
	The physician and the hospital	140
	Algeria: resistance to vaccination	141
	Congo: protection of human capital	142
	South Africa: segregation	143
	Reversal: the Indian doctors in Great Britain	144
	The school and the problem of schooling	145
	Colonial experiments	147
	Is there a Portuguese exception ?	147
	Angola: the first penal colony	149
	Boers, Blacks and the English in South Africa	151
	The antecedents of apartheid	152
	Australia: where the “criminals” wished to set up a just law	155
	On the road to the legal state	159
	Absorbed nations, conquered nations: Russian and Soviet originality	160
	The nationalities policy of the Soviet system	165
	The colonized: instruments of colonization	167
	5 ROSE-COLOURED LEGEND AND PITCH-BLACK LEGEND	172
	From travel literature to Jules Verne	173
	The cinema takes over: “The Charge of the Light Brigade”	175
	Bartolomé de Las Casas and the defence of the colonized	177
	Against the black slave trade: reasons and sentiments	180
	Socialists and the colonial question	184
	The intellectuals and the war in Algeria: after the battle?	188
	The silences of anti-colonialist discourse	190
	The emancipation of women	190
	The racism of the non-Europeans	191
	6 THE VISION OF THE VANQUISHED	194
	The trauma caused by the invaders in the Americas	194
	The exchange of diseases	195
	Destructuring and forms of resistance	196
	In Mexico	198
	In Sao Tomé, as in Peru, folklore denounces the invader	199
	The counter-history of the African resistance: Samori, Shaka	200
	Africa: history without Europe	201
	The colonial past in the eyes of Algerian cinema	206
	The revolt of Abd el Krim: a suppressed memory	208
	In Vietnam, moral armament in opposition to the French	210
	History revisited: the vision of K.M.Panikkar in India	212
	Muslim domination, British domination	216
	History and counter-history	217
	7 THE MOVEMENTS FOR COLONIST-INDEPENDENCE	218
	A precedent: the Pizarrist movement in Spanish America (1544–48)	219
	The challenge of the Jesuits in Paraguay	220
	1776-The American colonies: independence or revolution?	220
	The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen United States of America	224
	The Creole movement in Latino-Indian America	229
	Rhodesia: colonist-independence, the ultimate stage of imperialism	232
	Algeria in 1958: a colonist movement captured by Gaullism	238
	8 LEAVEN AND LEVERS	246
	New elites and popular movements	247
	Christianity, Buddhism, Islam	249
	The search for an organizational model	251
	The Arab independence movements	254
	The independence of peoples under Ottoman rule	255
	Arab identity: its contradictions	256
	Watan	257
	The Arab League	258
	The Communist International and the colonial peoples	259
	The earlier progress of Panafricanism	263
	9 INDEPENDENCE OR REVOLUTION	268
	Which goals?	268
	The shock of the Japanese victories	269
	Vietnam: independence and revolution	271
	The specific character of the national movement in India	274
	Indo-China—Maghreb: French policy paralysed	282
	The paths of the Algerian “revolution”	291
	In Angola: the political parties as instruments	303
	The “Shining Path” of Peru: a syncretistic movement	305
	10 LIBERATION OR DECOLONIZATION	310
	The point of view of the intellectuals: were the colonies profitable?	312
	The identity of the nation and the role of the dependencies	317
	France	317
	Great Britain	318
	The international context: Suez and the twilight of empires	321
	Churchill and De Gaulle in the face of decolonization	330
	De Gaulle and the decolonization of black Africa	336
	Mitterrand and Deferre: two precursors	336
	The Belgian Congo and the Gold Coast: a contrast	339
	The former USSR: an implosion more than an explosion	342
	11 DECOLONIZATION HALTED	348
	From European hegemony to American hegemony	349
	From post-colonial relations to multinational imperialism	351
	Aspects and effects of the unification of the world	353
	CHRONOLOGY	366
	FILMOGRAPHIC SELECTION	376
	NOTES	380
	BIBLIOGRAPHY	384
	INDEX	400
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